Haftara for Ki Tisa, 1 Kings 18:1-39

[alon]

Haftara for Ki Tisa, 1 Kings 18:1-39

INTRODUCTION:

There is no derth of information and commentary on this, the story of the Prophet Elijah and his confrontation with the prophets of Baal. Indeed, I feel compelled to do more than a quick commentary; there is just so much here to be learned- and my efforts will only scratch the surface at that! Given this is going to be a bit long, I will divide it into three parts and post them separately. Allow me also to list my sources first so they won’t have to be repeated at the end of each post:

Sources: JPS Study TNK, Wiersby, Meyer, Unger, Edersheim, Pastor Cole, gotquestions.org, mythencyclpedia.com, biblehistory.com, Wikipedia, my father and others

SETTING THE STAGE:

Before the Hebrews entered Ha’Aretz, the Lord warned them not to worship Canaan’s gods (Deuteronomy 6:14-15), but Yisra’el more than once turned to idolatry. During the reign of Ahav and Yisavel Ba'al worship in Israel reached its height, and God directly confronted the paganism through His prophet Eliyahu, who called for a showdown on Mt. Carmel to prove who was the true God.

1 Kings 16:29-17:1 (CJB) It was in the thirty-eighth year of Asa king of Y’hudah that Ach’av the son of ‘Omri began his rule over Isra’el; Ach’av the son of ‘Omri ruled twenty-two years over Isra’el in Shomron. Ach’av the son of ‘Omri did what was evil from Adonai’s perspective, outdoing all his predecessors [in wickedness]. But then, as if it had been a trifling thing for him to commit the sins of Yarov‘am the son of N’vat, he took as his wife Izevel the daughter of Etba‘al king of the Tzidonim, and went and served Ba‘al and worshipped him. He erected an altar for Ba‘al in the house of Ba‘al, which he had built in Shomron. Ach’av also set up the asherah; indeed, Ach’av did more to anger Adonai the God of Isra’el, than all the kings of Isra’el preceding him. It was during his time that Hi’el of Beit-El rebuilt Yericho. He laid its foundation at the cost of his firstborn son Aviram and erected its gates at the cost of his youngest son S’guv. This was in keeping with the word of Adonai spoken through Y’hoshua the son of Nun. Eliyahu from Tishbe, an inhabitant of Gil‘ad, said to Ach’av, “As Adonai the God of Isra’el lives, before whom I stand, there will be neither rain nor dew in the years ahead unless I say so.”

That the king of Yisra’el took a pagan wife was a sin against Elohim. The rebuilding of Yericho was also a great sin, in effect saying “I, Ba’al can rebuild what You God have cursed.” And so he did, but the price that was prophesied was paid in full. This was not a problem for ha’satan, however for those who serve other gods, they will be judged by those same gods who, knowing the price are all too willing for us to pay it!

Joshua 6:17-18 & 26 (CJB) But the city and everything in it is to be set aside for Adonai and therefore to be destroyed completely; only Rachav the prostitute is to be spared, she and everyone with her in her house, because she hid the messengers we sent. So you, keep clear of everything reserved for destruction. If you bring a curse on yourselves by taking anything set aside to be destroyed, you will bring a curse on the whole camp of Isra’el and cause great distress there. … Y’hoshua then made the people take this oath: “A curse before Adonai on anyone who rises up and rebuilds this city of Yericho: he will lay its foundation with the loss of his firstborn son and set up its gates with the loss of his youngest son.”

The scene is now set for one of the greatest showdowns in all history. In this contest, Eliyahu, Prophet of El Elyon is matched against 450 prophets of Ba’al and 400 prophets of Astera. That there were this many priests serving pagan gods at the court of the King of Yisra’el shows how far God’s people had fallen away.

Ba’al is actually a common Semitic word meaning "lord" or "owner." It is also the name of a popular and very powerful Canaanite and Phoenician fertility god (demon); the god of rain and dew, also by right of conquest over other deities the god of waters and the sun god, the storm god and god of the underworld. Ba’al pretty much reigned supreme over the gods, and is usually depicted holding a lightning bolt. As a fertility god who provided both crops and children, his worship was deeply rooted in carnal sensuality and ritualistic prostitution in his temples. Appeasing Ba’al required human sacrifice, usually of the firstborn.

Jeremiah 19:5 (CJB) They have built the high places of Ba‘al, in order to burn up their children in the fire as burnt offerings to Ba‘al — something I never ordered or said; it never even entered my mind.

The priests of Ba’al appealed to him in rites of wild abandon which included loud, ecstatic cries and self-inflicted injury.

Matthew 12:27 (CJB) Besides, if I drive out demons by Ba‘al-Zibbul, by whom do your people drive them out? So, they will be your judges!

Yeshua here calls ha’satan “Ba‘al-Zibbul,” thus linking him to to Ba’al-Zebub, a Philistine deity.

2 Kings 1:2 (CJB) When Achazyah fell through a latticed window of his upper room in Shomron and lay injured, he sent messengers and said to them, “Go, consult Ba‘al-Z’vuv the god of ‘Ekron, and ask whether I will recover from this injury.”

Ba’alim are nothing more than demons pretending to be gods, therefore idolatry is nothing more than worship of ha’satan. The priests of Ba’al were also called ba’alim.

1 Corinthians 10:20 (CJB) No, what I am saying is that the things which pagans sacrifice, they sacrifice not to God but to demons; and I don’t want you to become sharers of the demons!

Astarte, or Ashtoreth was a fertility goddess of motherhood who played a supporting role. Her symbol is the Asherah pole. In Akkadian writings she is Ashratum/Ashratu, and in Hittite as Asherdu/ Ashertu/ Aserdu/ Asertu; and is generally identical to the Ugaritic goddess ʼAṯirat. She is usually called Ashtaroth and Ashtoreth in the TNK.

Eliyahu first comes against the pagan god of rain as well as the establishment which demanded of the people to worship him by calling a draught. Surely the storm god could break the draught and bless “his” people.

1 Kings 17:1 (CJB) Eliyahu from Tishbe, an inhabitant of Gil‘ad, said to Ach’av, “As Adonai the God of Isra’el lives, before whom I stand, there will be neither rain nor dew in the years ahead unless I say so.”

God is showing that He, not Ba'al, controls the rain; sending a drought which lasted three-and-one-half years! It is in this context that the rulers who would enslave Israel, forcing worship of other gods were placing blame and killing those who accused them, speaking the truth. Ba’al, the storm god could not produce rain, and so a scapegoat was needed by which to divert responsibility. This set the stage for another confrontation.

This drama is played out on one of the most beautiful sites in all Yisro’el. Mt. Carmel is actually a short mountain range running for about twelve miles S-SE from the coast, just South of Haifa, and its’ promontory jutting into the Mediteranian at a height of 500 ft. It was a natural barrier for caravans and armies traveling along the coast in Israel, and divided the Galil (Galilee) from Samaria to the South. About four miles SE is the next peak, at abaout 1740 ft. The third peak further SE is 1687 ft. high. It bears the name “El’Marahkah,” or “Place of Burning” to this day. This is in all probability the site of the two alters. Just below the highest peak of El’Marahkah there is a spring which always flows, even in the driest times. It was from here the water to quench the altar would have been drawn.

Below the steep sides and cliffs of Carmel, some 1400 ft. down runs the River Kishon. It was from these cliffs the priests would be thrown, turning the river red with their blood. Again Adonai was saying “all worship is due to ME!” The blood of the priests was said to be particularly potent in making supplications to Ba’al.

See map at www.bible-history.com/geography/ancient-israel/mount-carmel.html

Mt. Carmel is often referenced in the Bible as a symbol of beauty and fertility. To be given the “splendor of Carmel” was to be blessed indeed . Isaiah 35:2 (CJB) It will burst into flower, will rejoice with joy and singing, will be given the glory of the L’vanon, the splendor of Karmel and the Sharon. They will see the glory of Adonai, the splendor of our God. Solomon praised his beloved: “your head crowns you like Mount Carmel” (Song of Solomon 7:5). But for Carmel to wither was a sign of devastating judgment.

Nahum 1:4 (CJB) He rebukes the sea and leaves it dry, he dries up all the rivers. Bashan and the Karmel languish; the flower of the L’vanon withers.

The rebuke in this haftarah came because the people of Yisro’el had turned away from worshiping their Elohim and were worshiping the gods of nature- fertility and renewal of life. Our modern day denial of God is the same as Ba’al worship; because if the Creator is denied then we can only account for the origin of all things by reverting to natural forces as their source. And so we have the ridiculous “Big Bang Theory” taught as science and billions of years of accidents replace Intelligent Design. These are nothing more than deification of nature- to wit, Ba’al worship. All through the rest of this there is the temptation to point out the parallels to our own time in the Western world. I have resisted, but only with a mighty effort!

[alon]

THE HAFTARA:

1 Kings 18:3-4 (CJB) Ach’av called ‘Ovadyah, who was in charge of the palace. Now ‘Ovadyah greatly revered Adonai; for example, when Izevel was murdering Adonai’s prophets, ‘Ovadyah took a hundred prophets, hid them in two caves, fifty in each, and supplied them with food and water.

From this we learn that Eliyahu was not the only prophet of God left in Israel at the time; however he was the only active prophet, the others remaining in hiding. We also know that Izavel had been persecuting and killing the prophets of God, probably using them as a scapegoat for the draught and the failure of her ba’alim to end the draught. Ovadyah was part of a small, select group of Israelites who remained true to El Elohe Yisra’el and was actively hiding and supporting the prophets of El. As is pointed out later however there were thousands left who had not bowed to Ba’al.

1 Kings 19:18 (CJB) Still, I will spare seven thousand in Isra’el, every knee that hasn’t bent down before Ba‘al and every mouth that has not kissed him.”

The king was suffering losses now as well as the people.

1 Kings 18:5 (CJB) Ach’av said to ‘Ovadyah, “Go throughout the land, and check all the springs and vadis; maybe we can find grass somewhere, so that we can keep the horses and mules alive and not lose all the animals.”

The land and the people were suffering greatly under this draught. However neither the rulers nor the people repented. The breaking of a proud heart takes more than suffering; it involves hearing the word and then yielding to it. However Ach’av was hunting for Eliyahu while Izavel was killing the other prophets so that the people would not hear the word of God, thus making them easily controlled and enslaved to Ba’al. No longer would they be the shining example of civil liberty under YHVH Emeth (The Lord God of Truth). Their God would be seen as no different than the gods of the nations around them; their liberties no more than those of slaves serving an absolute and demanding master.

The people would have heard that this draught came on them at the word of the prophet Eliyahu, speaking for El Hay (The Living God). Yet they did not repent.

1 Kings 18:12 (CJB) But as soon as I leave you, the Spirit of Adonai will carry you off to I don’t know where; so that when I come and tell Ach’av, and he can’t find you, he will kill me. But I your servant have revered Adonai from my youth —

Elijah as a man of God was attributed with the ability to suddenly travel long distances supernaturally. Those who live in luxury, as in the royal court where Ovadyah resided loose the idea that God is seen in the ordinary affairs and everyday providences of life. Those conformed to the world look for miracles, tending to become more superstitious than faithful; more unbelieving than trusting. So while Ovadyah was a good man, he was weak. He stood before Ach’av, but Eliyahu stood before Elohim.

1 Kings 18:15 (CJB) Eliyahu said, “As Adonai-Tzva’ot lives, before whom I stand, I will present myself to him today.”

Perhaps to reassure the faithless Obadaiah, the prophet doesn’t correct his assumption, but may have actually reinforced it to prop up his faltering trust. And it is entirely possible this had happened, as it did with Phillip and the official of the court of Candace.

Acts 8:39-40 (CJB) When they came up out of the water, the Spirit of the Lord snatched Philip away. The eunuch saw no more of him, because he continued on his way — full of joy. But Philip showed up at Ashdod and continued proclaiming the Good News as he went through all the towns until he came to Caesarea.

When Ach'av went out to meet Eliyahu, it must have been with some trepidation as he probably was at a loss as to how even to greet the prophet. His bluster tried to hide his fear, but Eliyahu would have none of it and his reproof laid blame for the draught solidly on Ach’av for his disobedience.

1 Kings 18:17-18 (CJB) When Ach’av saw Eliyahu, Ach’av said to him, “Is it really you, you troubler of Isra’el?” He answered, “I haven’t troubled Isra’el, you have, you and your father’s house, by abandoning Adonai’s mitzvot and following the ba‘alim.

He did not so much challenge as he ordered representatives of the people along with the king and the 850 priests of Ba’al and Astarte to come against him and his God. Ach’av was more than happy to oblige him, as the contest seemed to be stacked in his favor. The whole nation against one man, and they got to choose the sacrifice and go first!

The people had a choice to make.

1 Kings 18:21 (CJB) Eliyahu stepped forward before all the people and said, “How long are you going to jump back and forth between two positions? If Adonai is God, follow him; but if it’s Ba‘al, follow him!” The people answered him not a word.

This choice echoed what might be termed “The Great Commission of the Old Testament,” though it is threaded throughout the TNK and in the B’rith Chadasha as well. Presented as it was, however, this was a serious condemnation.

Psalm 119:110-113 (CJB) The wicked have set a trap for me, yet I haven’t strayed from your precepts. I take your instruction as a permanent heritage, because it is the joy of my heart. I have resolved to obey your laws forever, at every step. I hate doubleminded people, but I love your .

The terms used in these two verses are from the same root, and thus have very similar meanings.

H5587 שׂעף סעף sâ‛iph śâ‛iph saw-eef', From H5586; divided (in mind), that is, (abstractly) a sentiment: - opinion.

H5588 סעף sê‛êph say-afe' From H5586; divided (in mind), that is, (concretely) a skeptic: - thought.

Because of their mindset at the time the people had no answer. They had seen their government kill their prophets and send the rest into hiding. They themselves probably were in fear as well as doubting the power of the God of their fathers who, having just been part of the taking of ha’aretz were in no doubt how they should respond to the impassioned plea of Joshua:

Joshua 24:14-15a (CJB) “Therefore fear Adonai, and serve him truly and sincerely. Put away the gods your ancestors served beyond the [Euphrates]River and in Egypt, and serve Adonai! If it seems bad to you to serve Adonai, then choose today whom you are going to serve.”

1 Kings 18:27 (CJB) Around noon Eliyahu began ridiculing them: “Shout louder! After all, he’s a god, isn’t he? Maybe he’s daydreaming, or he’s on the potty, or he’s away on a trip. Maybe he’s asleep, and you have to wake him up.”

These sarcastic taunts were as much for the listening audience as for the prophets of Ba’al. All day long, 450 prophets of Ba’al called on their god to send fire from heaven—surely an easy task for a god associated with lightning bolts—but “no voice came, no one answered, no one paid any attention.”

1 Kings 18:29 (CJB) By now it was afternoon, and they went on ranting and raving until it was time for the evening offering. But no voice came, no one answered, no one paid any attention.

Imagine the breathless silence that must have befallen the crowd as Eliyahu steped forward at the end of the day and before the exhausted and bloody priests beckoned the people to come. Then he repaired the alter of the Lord, ruined since the time such worship fell out of favor with the king.

1 Kings 18:30 (CJB) Then Eliyahu said to all the people, “Come here to me.” All the people came up to him, as he set about repairing the altar of Adonai that had been broken down.

Several historical sources give insight into the wild abandon, starting slow but increasing in tempo and culminating with the priests cutting themselves with swords and spears, flaying their backs with whips and scourges. They must have been exhausted by the end of the day when Eliyahu stepped forward. We can imagine their thoughts as he prepared:

1 Kings 18:32-35 (CJB) With the stones he built an altar in the name of Adonai. Then he dug a trench around the altar large enough for half a bushel of grain. He arranged the wood, cut up the bull and laid it on the wood. Then he said, “Fill four pots with water, and pour it on the burnt offering and on the wood.” They did it. “Do it again,” he said, and they did it again. “Do it a third time,” he said, and they did it a third time. By now the water was flowing around the altar, and it had filled the trench.

It was the time of the evening sacrifice to HaShem. Elijah had the altar, wood and sacrifice drenched in water, the substance primarily associated with Ba’al. He was saying in effect “Your god couldn’t consume his own sacrifice; but now is he powerful at least to stop YHVH El Elohim (The Lord God of Gods) from taking the sacrifice made in His name?”

Elijah prayed a simple prayer, and God answered immediately with fire from heaven.

1 Kings 18:36-37 (CJB) Then, when it came time for offering the evening offering, Eliyahu the prophet approached and said, “Adonai, God of Avraham, Yitz’chak and Isra’el, let it be known today that you are God in Isra’el, and that I am your servant, and that I have done all these things at your word. Hear me, Adonai, hear me, so that this people may know that you, Adonai, are God, and that you are turning their hearts back to you.”

It was prayer that moved the Hand of God. Eliyahu prayed a simple prayer in contrast to the wild insanity of the prophets of Ba’al. He was clearly dependent on El Emunah (The Faithful God) and was acting as His instrument, not the other way around. Has’satan likes us to think we are in control, but El Gibor (The Mighty God) wants us to trust that He is in control, and will act in our best interest.

Verse 37 gives us the absolute moral purpose of every miracle- that His people may turn their hearts back to YHVH Elohe Yisra’el (The Lord God of Israel). Too many false teachers try to put their own false fire to the offering, only to stand paralyzed and watch as their wildest efforts fail. But Yochanan the Immerser said God’s Spirit would baptize us as with fire:

Matthew 3:11 (CJB) It’s true that I am immersing you in water so that you might turn from sin to God; but the one coming after me is more powerful than I — I’m not worthy even to carry his sandals — and he will immerse you in the Ruach HaKodesh and in fire.

Yeshua said He had come to set fire to the earth!

Luke 12:49 (CJB) “I have come to set fire to the earth! And how I wish it were already kindled!

And we are told to whom the lightning and the fire belongs:

Revelation 4:5 (CJB) From the throne came forth lightnings, voices and thunderings; and before the throne were seven flaming torches, which are the sevenfold Spirit of God.

And we see here who holds the fire is the same as the One who had so recently prevented it:

1 Kings 18:38 (CJB) Then the fire of Adonai fell. It consumed the burnt offering, the wood, the stones and the dust; and it licked up the water in the trench.

And just as when Pharaoh tested the God of Yisra’el, the message is clear, Moshe’s (now Eliyahu's) God IS God!

1 Kings 18:39 (CJB) When all the people saw it, they fell on their faces and said, “Adonai is God! Adonai is God!”

Seeing this, the people make their choice, YHVH Shammah (The LORD is here; present, in this place) and monotheism instead of Ba’al and his pantheon of minor demons/gods. This same theme echoes throughout the Bible, and as found in forms the basis for the Jewish confession of faith at the end of Yom Kippur.

Deuteronomy 4:35 & 39 (CJB) This was shown to you, so that you would know that Adonai is God, and there is no other beside him. … know today, and establish it in your heart, that Adonai is God in heaven above and on earth below — there is no other.

Throughout all this, no information was presented on the prophets of Astorath. King Ach’av was present, but apparently remained silent as these events unfolded.

[alon]

AFTERMATH:

1 Kings 18:40 (CJB) Eliyahu said to them, “Seize the prophets of Ba‘al! Don’t let one of them escape!” They seized them; and Eliyahu brought them down to Vadi Kishon and killed them there.

This is the ultimate end of those who would enslave God’s people; removing from them their choice to worship Him and demanding they serve other gods. Death is the commanded punishment for their sins.

Deuteronomy 17:2-6 (CJB) “If there is found among you, within any of your gates [in any city] that Adonai your God gives you, a man or woman who does what Adonai your God sees as wicked, transgressing his covenant by going and serving other gods and worshipping them, the sun, the moon, or anything in the sky — something I have forbidden — and it is told to you, or you hear about it; then you are to investigate the matter diligently. If it is true, if it is confirmed that such detestable things are being done in Isra’el; then you are to bring the man or woman who has done this wicked thing to your city gates, and stone that man or woman to death. The death sentence is to be carried out only if there was testimony from two or three witnesses; he may not be sentenced to death on the testimony of only one witness.

It is noteworthy that this incident was used, and still is preached as precedent for the persecution of “heritics.” It is also noteworthy that you and I are seen by both Christians and Jews, and certainly by worldly governments to be heretics of the worst sort. Yet the very incident which precipitated this slaughter was the persecution of those still preaching and following and looking forward in faith to the promised moshiach!

1 Kings 18:46 (CJB) The hand of Adonai was on Eliyahu; he tucked up his clothing and ran ahead of Ach’av to the entrance of Yizre‘el.

It is surmised by some from this that King Ach’av had been won over, because running before the king’s chariot was both a way the king honored a man, and it was a way for that man to honor the king. Indeed Eliyahu’s endurance run was made by virtue of The Lord Himself. Eliyahu however did not enter Yezre’el where Isavel was, whether because he had misgivings or because God restrained him from it. While the people had been suffering, Izavel had retreated to her cool summer-palace in Yezre’el.

1 Kings 19:2-3a (CJB) Then Izevel sent a messenger to say to Eliyahu, “May the gods do terrible things to me and worse ones besides if by this time tomorrow I haven’t taken your life, just as you took theirs!” On seeing that, he got up and fled for his life.

Eliyahu, the great man of God was still only a man. The time right after a big win is the most dangerous, because our guard is down and ha’satan is looking to rob your joy and turn victory to defeat. He does not want motivated warriors in the front lines against him. Eliyahu stoped walking in trust and responded by sight to the threats of Izevel. We should follow the words of Yeshua and not be afraid, but trust in God.

Mark 5:36 (CJB) Ignoring what they had said, Yeshua told the synagogue official, “Don’t be afraid, just keep trusting.”

1 Kings 19:4 (CJB) but he himself went a day farther into the desert, until he came to a broom tree. He sat down under it and prayed for his own death. “Enough!” he said. “Now, Adonai, take my life. I’m no better than my ancestors.”

We all feel depressed at times, when circumstances seem to overwhelm us. We may even contemplate death, as did Eliyahu. Of course, had he really wanted to die either the king or Yizabel would have been happy to accommodate him. But this was a very human thing to do, asking for Elohim to take him. Other biblical characters felt the same as him:

Moshe in Numbers 11:15 (CJB) If you are going to treat me this way, then just kill me outright! — please, if you have any mercy toward me! — and don’t let me go on being this miserable!”

Job 3:20-21 (CJB) They long for death, but it never comes; they search for it more than for buried treasure; when at last they find the grave, they are so happy they shout for joy.

Jeremiah 8:3 (CJB) All the survivors of this evil family who remain wherever I have driven them will prefer death to life,” says Adonai-Tzva’ot.

Jonah 4:3 (CJB) Therefore, Adonai, please, just take my life away from me; it’s better for me to be dead than alive!”

Death isn't the answer, of course. The real answer is to die to self and trust in the Lord.

Galatians 2:20 (CJB) When the Messiah was executed on the stake as a criminal, I was too; so that my proud ego no longer lives. But the Messiah lives in me, and the life I now live in my body I live by the same trusting faithfulness that the Son of God had, who loved me and gave himself up for me.

Eliyahu had to learn that God doesn’t always work by mighty miracles. More often it is through quiet, mundane day-to-day ministry that His will is accomplished.

1 Kings 19:11-12 (CJB) He said, “Go outside, and stand on the mountain before Adonai”; and right then and there, Adonai went past. A mighty blast of wind tore the mountains apart and broke the rocks in pieces before Adonai, but Adonai was not in the wind. After the wind came an earthquake, but Adonai was not in the earthquake. After the earthquake, fire broke out; but Adonai was not in the fire. And after the fire came a quiet, subdued voice.

One final lesson in the aftermath of it all:

2 Kings 2:13-15a (CJB) Then he picked up Eliyahu’s cloak, which had fallen off him. Standing on the bank of the Yarden, he took the cloak that had fallen off Eliyahu, struck the water and said, “Where is Adonai, the God of Eliyahu?” But when he actually did strike the water, it divided itself to the left and to the right; then Elisha crossed over. When the guild prophets of Yericho saw him in the distance, they said, “The spirit of Eliyahu does rest on Elisha.”

Like Elisha, we may suddenly find ourselves alone and ask “Where is Adonai, the God of Eliyahu?” But a better question is will we, as Elisha did, walk in the spirit of Eliyahu; alone and unafraid to confront evil wherever we find it?

Dan (sorry it is so long) C

[Elizabeth]

Thanks! Don't worry about the length because it is a really inspiring post to read and helpful contextual information. I had not realized the connections between the water and fire and how much G-d said in how they were used. Really helpful. Thanks again.

[alon]

This weeks haftara. Again I have to apologize for the length, especially after combining Mark's posts for a rather long par'shah reading. But I hope this will help someone.

Dan C

edit: rereading this certainly helps me. It addresses some things in my life right now, when I am having a lot of trouble. It strengthens and supports some things I've done, and rebukes me for others. It is an encouragement to move forward. If anyone has questions or discussion, please feel free. This is a very important study; fundamental to us as Nots'rim.